Ninetieth  Ye«ir.  Tros  Tyrlusque  mihi  nullo  discrimine  agetur.  V  Ol.    1  i  .1  t    IN  O.    — . 


THE 


NOKTH   AMERICAN 
REVIEW 


EDITED   B7    GEORGE    HARVEY. 


August,  1904. 


The  Baltic  Fleet  and  the  Northeast  Passage, 

Rear-Admiral  G.  W.  MELVILLE,  U.  S.  N. 

Automobile  Legislation,  The  Hon.  JOHN  SCOTT-MONTAGU,  M.  P. 
The  Present  Crisis  in  Trades-Union  Morals.  .  JANE  ADDAMS 
Obstacles  to  Reform  in  Turkey  ....  CHARLES  MORAWITZ 

The  Principle  of  Probation CHARLTON  T.  LEWIS 

More  Truth  about  Women  in  Industry,  ELIZABETH  CARPENTER 
The  Restriction  of  Immigration  .  .  .  ROBERT  De  C.  WARD 

British  Shipping  and  the  State BENJAMIN  TAYLOR 

The  Dark  Rosaleen HENRY  W.  NEVINSON 

Folly  of  Chinese  Exclusion H.  H.  BANCROFT 

A  Glance  at  World  Politics SYDNEY  BROOKS 

Can  Congress  Constitutionally  Give  Filipinos  Independence? 

I.  It  Can H.  A. 

II.  It  Cannot  ,  J.  H.  C. 


THE  SON  OF  ROYAL  LANGBRITH.— VIII. 

A  Novel  by 

W.  D.  HOWELLS 


LOSDOK : 
WM.  HEINEMANN,  21  Bedford  St.,  W.  C. 


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Dr.  Lapponi 

Physician  to  the  Late  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  and  Now  Physici&n 
in  Ordinary  to  Pope  Pius  X.,  Finds 

BUFFALO  UTHIA  WATER 

Of  "Marvelous  Efficacy  in  Gout.  Rheumatism,  Castro-intestinal  Dyspepsia, 
Gravel,  and  in  all  the  Various  Forms  oi  Uric  Acid  Diathesis." 

Following  l«  Exact  Translation  of  Dr.  Lapponi's  Testimonial  as  Written  by  Himself: 

ROMS,  August  24,  1903. — In  the  Hospital  of  San  Giovanni  Calibrita  (del  Patebene  Fratelli)  in  Rome, 
directed  by  myself,  I  have  largely  experimented  with  the  nat-  Dl|«xill  A  I ITUIM  tlfftTTD 
ural  mineral  water  placed  in  commerce  under  the  came  of  DUcfAliU  UlfUA  IfftlUL 

and  am  glad  to  be  able  to  attest  that,  by  its  richness  of  composition  of  lithia,  it  is  of  marvelous  efficacy 
in  cases  of  Gout,  of  Chronic,  Articular,  and  Muscular  Rheumatism,  of  Hepatic  Congestions  and  Func 
tional  Disorders,  of  Gastrointestinal  Dyspepsia,  of  Gravel  and  Renal  Insufficiency,  of  light  Nephritic 
Affections  and  of  all  the  various  forms  of  Unc  Acid  Diathesis. 

The  same  water  is  also  to  be  recommended  highly  in  the  initial  processes  of  Arterio-sclerosis  and  in 
obstinate  forms  of  Bronchial  Asthma.  May  also  be  used  as  a  good  table  water.  So  much  I  declare  for 
the  truth.  (Signed)  PROP.  GIDSEPPR  LAPPONI. 

Principal  Physician  of  the  Hospital  of  San  Giovanni  Calibrita  (del  Fatebene   Fratelli)  in  Rome, 

Member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Rome,  etc,,  etc. 

ttHVEtfll  A  I  ETUI  A  HfsVH  II  *s  'or  iale  ^y  Grocers  and  Druggists,  generally.  Testimonials 
HVX  F/tLU  Ll  1  nlA  ItJU IK  which  defy  all  imputation  or  question  sent  to  any  address, 


HOTEL  AT  SPRINGS  NOW  OPEN. 


PROPRIETOR  BUFFALO  LITHIA  SPRINGS,  VIRGINIA. 


All  over  the  civilized  world 

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Send 

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is  deluged  by  her  unthinking  friends. 
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THE  FOLLY  OF  CHINESE  EXCLUSION. 

BY    HUBERT    HOWE    BANCROFT,    AUTHOR    OF    "THE    HISTORY    OP 
WESTERN  NORTH  AMERICA/'  ETC. 


PRIOR  to  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  there  were  but 
few  Chinese  in  America.  Then  the  influence  which  penetrated 
every  industry  and  every  quarter  of  the  globe  aroused  to  activity 
the  dormant  energies  even  of  the  almond-eyed  Celestial;  and, 
among  the  five  hundred  vessels  which  lay  anchored  in  San  Fran 
cisco  Bay  during  the  winter  of  1849,  were  seen  a  few  junks  of 
the  Asiatic  type,  abandoned,  like  the  more  pretentious  craft,  by 
all  save  perhaps  a  solitary  keeper.  All  the  late  occupants  of  this 
promiscuous  shipping  formed  part  of  the  inrushing  fifty  thousand, 
of  every  clime  and  color,  that  flitted  restlessly  about  the  Sierra 
foothills  in  search  of  large  and  immediate  wealth.  A  hundred 
evanescent  towns  sprang  up  amidst  hundreds  of  mining-camps, 
most  of  them  dying  before  fairly  drawing  the  breath  of  life.  On 
the  outskirts  of  these  towns,  or  at  a  little  distance  from  the  min 
ing-camps,  with  now  and  then  a  retired  camp  exclusively  their 
own,  were  seen  nests  of  Chinese  in  brush  huts,  the  first  of  that 
hypothetical  horde  which,  we  were  assured,  was  soon  to  over 
whelm  Christendom. 

As  every  one  knows,  there  was  at  this  time  no  lawful  govern 
ment  in  California,  Congress  being  engaged  over  the  question 
of  its  admission  as  a  slave  State  or  a  free  State.  It  was  a  new  and 
open  wilderness,  with  none  at  hand  to  deny  the  right  to  any  to 
enter  and  gather  at  pleasure.  At  first,  no  thought  was  given  to 
this  or  any  other  right.  But,  presently,  the  American  mind  be 
gan  to  consider :  "  Is  this  gold,  for  which  we  fought  in  Mexico,  to 
go  without  price  or  restriction  to  others  the  same  as  to  our 
selves?"  To  Englishmen,  Frenchmen,  and  Germans,  bluster  was 
all  that  the  American  miners  deemed  it  prudent  at  that  time  to 


264  THE   WORTH   AMERICAN   REVIEW. 

offer;  but  Mexicans,  or  "greasers"  as  they  were  called,  Italians 
or  "  Dagoes/'  Kanakas,  negroes,  and  above  all  the  mild-mannered 
man  from  China,  the  rightful  owners  of  the  soil  did  not  hesitate 
to  face  with  guns,  and  sometimes  to  kill.  For,  as  naturally  as 
water  seeks  a  level,  so  men  unrestrained  by  force  of  law  seek 
some  object  weaker  than  themselves  on  which  to  vent  their  preju 
dices  and  passions.  The  Japanese,  not  having  yet  emerged  from 
their  chrysalis  state,  were  not  present  in  any  considerable 
numbers;  but  Indians  and  Chinese  afforded  their  masters  easy 
and  interesting  exercise.  It  required  evidence  almost  as  palpable 
as  finding  the  horns  and  hoofs  of  a  "  cow  critter  "  within  a  mile  of 
them  to  justify  the  extermination  of  an  Indian  rancheria;  where 
as  the  occupation  of  good  diggings  by  Chinese  was  reason  enough 
for  driving  them  away  with  blows,  or  even  with  slaughter  if  they 
offered  resistance. 

The  persecution  of  the  Chinese  has  continued  from  that  day  to 
this,  their  good  qualities  as  patient  laborers  —  with  economy, 
temperance,  thrift,  and  inoffensiveness  —  being  their  chief  and 
only  crimes.  Unable  to  hold  rich  claims  beside  their  covetous 
masters,  they  betook  themselves  to  gleaning  from  abandoned  dig 
gings,  content  with  four  dollars  a  day  at  first,  and  finally  with  one 
dollar,  while  other  miners  must  have  four  times  as  much.  The 
State  passed  laws  for  their  expulsion,  as  soon  as  there  was  a  State ; 
and,  when  informed  that  the  matter  was  one  for  the  general  Gov 
ernment  alone  to  handle,  the  Sacramento  Legislature  imposed  a 
foreign  miner's  tax  of  sixteen  dollars  a  month  at  first,  with  a 
view  to  prohibiting  the  rewashing  of  tailings.  As  a  rule,  this 
tax  was  enforced  only  against  the  Chinese,  white  miners  refusing 
to  pay  it. 

With  the  exaltation  of  labor  in  the  towns  and  cities,  the  cry 
became  loud  and  vehement:  "  The  Chinese  must  go!"  It  became 
the  watchword  of  the  press,  and  the  plank  in  every  po 
litical  platform,  for  the  Chinaman  had  no  vote  and  he  never 
read  newspapers.  It  was  not  a  question  of  principle,  but  of  place. 
The  facts  of  the  case,  the  right  or  justice  or  fairness  of  it,  had 
nothing  to  do  with  it.  Any  newspaper  favoring  the  Chinese 
might  close  its  doors;  any  politician  even  treating  the  subject 
fairly  must  step  down  and  out.  For  so  the  other  working-men  de 
creed,  American,  Irish  and  Dagoes,  French,  Dutch  and  negroes, 
all  who  had  a  vote  to  sell.  Anything  black  or  white  was  proper 


THE    FOLLY    OF    CHINESE   EXCLUSION.  265 

material  for  American  citizenship;  yellow  was  the  only  off-color. 
But  even  the  yellow  race,  with  sage  discrimination,  is  now  divided, 
the  Japanese  being  admitted,  while  the  best  working  foreign 
element  in  the  world,  the  least  harmful  to  American  politics  and 
people,  the  much  needed  Chinese,  are  excluded. 

From  first  to  last,  this  has  been  the  chief  and  only  cause  and 
front  of  their  offending.  They  had  no  vote;  they  did  not  care 
to  become  American  citizens;  they  wished  only  to  work,  earn  a 
little  money,  go  back  home  to  China  to  enjoy  it,  and  finally  to 
die  there.  Charges  were  heaped  up  against  them  which  seemed 
to  satisfy  Dennis  Kearney  and  his  sand-lotters,  but  were  mere 
talk  and  twaddle  to  the  unprejudiced,  even  the  press  and  poli 
ticians,  who  used  Asiatic  and  American  alike  for  their  own  pur 
poses,  knowing  them  to  be  untrue,  or  at  least  irrelevant.  "  They 
will  not  amalgamate;  they  care  not  for  our  institutions;  they 
take  work  from  the  white  man;  they  do  not  spend  their  money 
here,  but  take  it  back  to  China." 

A  fair  interpretation  of  which  turns  every  charge  into  a  mark 
of  merit.  They  do  not  come  here  to  meddle  with  what  does  not 
concern  them,  to  interfere  with  and  further  degrade  our  politics 
by  breeding  corruption  or  holding  office;  they  do  not  care  for  our 
learning,  morals,  or  religion,  having  those  which  suit  them  bet 
ter;  if  they  take  work  from  the  white  man,  it  is  for  the  most  part 
work  which  the  white  man  does  not  want  and  will  not  do,  ditch- 
making  and  drudgery.  True,  the  Chinaman  would  be  here  in  a 
thousand  factories  if  we  would  let  him,  and  so  to  a  great  extent 
we  do  without  these  fundamental  industries  of  progress,  prefer 
ring  to  let  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  turn  our  cotton  into  cloth 
in  their  own  countries  after  they  have  learned  from  us  how  to  do 
it.  Is  this  wise?  Is  it  in  the  line  of  progress?  Half  of  his 
earnings  the  Chinaman  spends  here ;  if  he  takes  the  other  half  of 
his  well-earned  dollar-a-day  home  to  his  wife  and  children,  he 
leaves  more  than  its  value  in  substantial  improvements.  Do  the 
others  as  much  who  carry  off  to  Europe  and  squander  there 
every  year  wealth  for  which  they  never  labored,  and  which  repre 
sents  no  accomplished  work — more  of  it  than  all  the  laborers  of 
Asia  would  carry  away  in  return  for  their  labor  in  a  century? 

One  may  go  about  for  a  whole  decade  without  seeing  a  drunken 
or  disorderly  Chinaman.  The  Chinaman  is  seldom  found  in 
schools  or  hospitals  supported  at  public  expense.  I  can  hardly 


266  THE    NORTH    AMERICAN    REVIEW. 

imagine  how  one  of  them  would  look  begging  or  soliciting,  or 
insulting  a  woman  on  the  street,  or  posing  as  a  policeman,  or 
running  for  Congress.  The  argument  of  the  exclusionists,  now 
becoming  somewhat  stale  as  its  absurdity  appears  more  and  more 
apparent,  that  the  Chinese  will  not  become  one  of  us,  marry  our 
daughters,  manipulate  our  primaries,  run  for  office  and  rule  the 
country,  is  onty  an  enumeration  of  reasons  why  they  should  be 
admitted  to  do  the  lower  class  of  work  which  white  men  do  not 
care  to  do. 

True,  some  of  the  Celestials  smoke  opium,  but  so  do  white 
people  in  London ;  and  this  the  Chinaman  would  not  now  be  doing 
had  not  England  forced  her  East-Indian  product  upon  them,  at 
the  cannon's  mouth,  when  they  did  not  want  it.  Besides,  white 
men  everywhere  drink  whiskey,  or  its  equivalent,  and  with  ten 
times  the  evil  effects  which  result  from  opium-smoking.  Stoned 
and  insulted  on  the  streets  of  Christian  cities  of  the  American 
Republic,  the  Chinese  pack  themselves  away  in  quarters  of  their 
own,  which  reek  too  often  of  vice  and  crime,  but  which  are  con 
fined  entirely  to  themselves.  Have  the  cities  of  Christendom  evjjf 
been  free  from  such  places,  inhabited  by  other  nationalities  ? 

The  truth  is,  these  knights  of  the  sand-lots  do  not,  and  never 
did,  care  to  do  the  work  for  which  we  need  the  Chinaman.  Organ 
ized  labor  does  not  even  like  country  life  and  farm  work.  At 
one  time,  the  California  fruit-raisers'  chief  dependence  was  upon 
the  Chinese,  whose  quick  perceptions  and  deft  fingers  were 
superior  in  everything  but  the  handling  of  horses.  In  picking 
and  packing,  in  wineries,  in  canneries,  as  cooks  and  house  serv 
ants,  they  were  the  best  the  country  has  ever  had,  better  than  the 
country  can  elsewhere  obtain.  When  they  were  forbidden  to 
come,  the  Japanese  flocked  in  to  take  their  place,  but  they  do  not 
fill  it  as  well  as  it  was  filled  before. 

The  Chinese  were  an  important  factor  in  the  construction  of 
the  Panama  Railway,  and  of  the  first  overland  railroad,  without 
which  assistance  there  would  have  been  long  and  vexatious  de 
lays.  They  are  the  best  force  obtainable  to-day  for  the  vast 
irrigating  dam-work  and  ditch-work  in  progress  and  in  contem 
plation.  In  the  reclamation  of  the  Colorado  and  other  deserts, 
their  equals  cannot  be  found.  Next  to  the  Jamaica  negroes,  and 
the  natives  of  the  Isthmus,  who  are  better  acclimated,  they  are  the 
best  and  most  available  material  for  work  on  the  Panama  Canal. 


TEE   FOLLY   OF   CHINESE   EXCLUSION.  267 

Is  it  not  absurd,  therefore,  that  this  most  available,  most  useful 
and  efficient,  and  least  harmful,  of  all  labor  elements,  should  be 
excluded  from  a  country  whose  progress  and  prosperity  depend 
upon  the  faithful  execution  of  this  class  of  work,  and  all  in  order 
that  politicians  may  make  capital  for  themselves  by  crying  out 
against  it  ?  All  the  Asiatic  laborers  who  ever  came  to  this  coun 
try,  or  who  are  likely  to  come,  are  incapable  of  doing  as  great 
injury  as  a  single  politician,  who,  to  secure  his  election  to  office, 
goes  about  systematically  to  stir  up  the  worst  passions  of  the 
working  people,  and  arouse  them  to  the  commission  of  unlawful 
acts  by  incendiary  declamations  and  the  printed  recitals  of 
imaginary  evils. 

Some  have  suggested  danger  to  the  Republic  in  thus  leaving 
open  the  portal  for  the  unrestricted  inpouring  of  Asiatic  hordes 
to  kill  and  drive  us  into  the  eastern  ocean.  Yet,  they  must  know 
that  the  laboring  man  in  China  dares  scarcely  go  from  one 
province  into  another  unprotected.  The 'price  of  passage  to  Cali 
fornia  is  to  them  equivalent  to  a  fortune,  and  the  journey  like  the 
journey  into  another  world.  In  times  past,  he  who  adventured 
alone  had  often  to  sell  or  pledge  his  wife  for  the  necessary  means, 
while  contractors  for  coolie  labor  would  not  bring  men  over  at 
less  than  some  fixed  price.  As  for  the  rest,  the  law  of  supply 
and  demand  regulates  it.  It  is  a  matter  of  record  that,  when 
wages  in  California  fell  below  fifteen  dollars  a  month,  Chinese 
immigration  not  only  ceased  but  the  tide  turned  the  other  way. 
Chinamen  will  not  leave  home  and  face  the  cost  and  dangers  of 
the  ocean  voyage  unless  they  can  have  work  at  remunerative  rates ; 
and  work  is  all  that  they  desire. 

Why  should  the  Chinese  want  America  ?  What  would  they  do 
with  it?  They  are  passionately  attached  to  their  homes,  if  not 
to  their  country,  preferring  almost  the  loss  of  life  to  the  loss  of 
queue,  which  forbids  their  return ;  while  to  deposit  their  bones  for 
their  eternal  rest  in  a  foreign  soil,  is  to  consign  their  souls  to 
perdition.  Instinct  and  tradition,  running  back  for  many  cen 
turies,  have  so  intensified  their  exclusiveness,  their  dislike  of 
change  and  hatred  of  strangers,  as  to  make  it  little  likely  that 
they  will  ever  wish  to  move  to  this  country.  Yet  they  are  not 
patriotic.  They  do  not  know  or  care,  half  of  them,  by  whom  they 
are  ruled,  or  how.  They  do  not  know  or  care  why  Japan  wants 
Korea  and  Russia  wants  the  earth;  their  ambition  is  limited  to 


268  THE    NORTH    AMERICAN    REVIEW. 

the  desire  simply  to  go  somewhere,  to  the  Philippines,  Australia, 
or  America,  and  work  and  earn  a  little  more  than  the  pittance 
which  they  get  in  China.  All  this  is  set  down  against  them  in 
arguments  for  their  exclusion,  whereas  it  stands  among  the  best 
of  reasons  for  their  admission,  as  they  have  no  disposition  to 
engage  in  politics,  mob-law,  strikes,  and  that  vicious  unrest  which 
is  bringing  our  country  to  the  verge  of  ruin. 

HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW  ADVERTISER 


Compare  Our  Methods 
With  Yours 

You  cleanly  housewives — compare  our  meth 
ods  with  yours.  You  will  realize  then  why 
Schlitz  beer  is  pure. 

You  wash  a  cooking  utensil  once.  We  wash  a 
bottle  four  times,  by  machinery,  before  we  fill  it. 

You  use  city  water.  We  bore  down  1400 
feet  to  rock  for  ours. 

You  prepare  food  in  the  air  of  the  room. 
We  cool  Schlitz  beer  in  plate-glass  rooms  and 
filter  all  the  air  that  touches  it. 

Then  we  filter  the  beer  by  machinery — filter 
it  through  white  wood  pulp. 

Yet  your  methods  are  cleanly.  Ours  are 
cleanliness  carried  to  extremes. 

Then — for  fear  of  a  touch  of  impurity — we 
sterilize  every  bottle  after  it  is  sealed.  We 
double  the  necessary  cost  of  our  brewing  to 
give  you  a  healthful  beverage  pure. 

Do  you  wonder  that  we 
.  sell  over  a  million  barrels 
annually? 

Ask  for  the  Brewery  Bottling. 


THE  yOKTB  AMERICAN  REVIEW  ADVERTISER 


»    '•'•!• 
&?' 


•X 


THE, 


HENRY  B.HYDE 

FOUMDE.RJ 


J.W.ALEXANDER 

PRESIDENT 


J.H.HYDE 

•VICE    PRESIDENT 


From  flower  to  flower 
For  a  careless  hour.  " 


«  BUT  AFTER. 

the    careless  hour" 
we  all  know  trie    fate  of 
the  butterfly. 

Don't  flit  your  life  away.  Take 
a  lesson  from  the  ant,  not 
from    the  butterfly,  and  pro 
vide  for  the  future. 

An  Adequate  Endowment 
policy  in  the  Equitable  will 
insure  peace  and  comfort 
for  your  old  age— if  you  live 
—  or  will  protect  arid  provide 
v     for  your  family  if  you  die. 

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SStf 


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The  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society  of  the  United  States 
120  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK  Dept  No.  9 

Please  send  me  information  regarding  an  Endowment  for  $ 

if  issued  at years  of  age. 

Name 

Address. . 


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In  your  vacation  outfit  this  summer  you  must 
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PIANOS 


